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37 * Implements Gaussian function evaluations on lattices and related functionality
39 * \author Christian Blau <blau@kth.se>
41 * \ingroup module_math
45 #include "gausstransform.h"
52 #include "gromacs/math/functions.h"
53 #include "gromacs/math/multidimarray.h"
54 #include "gromacs/math/units.h"
55 #include "gromacs/math/utilities.h"
56 #include "gromacs/utility/basedefinitions.h"
61 /********************************************************************
62 * GaussianOn1DLattice::Impl
65 class GaussianOn1DLattice::Impl
68 Impl(int numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth, real sigma);
70 Impl(const Impl& other) = default;
71 Impl& operator=(const Impl& other) = default;
73 /*! \brief evaluate Gaussian function at all lattice points
74 * \param[in] amplitude the amplitude of the Gaussian
75 * \param[in] dx distance from the center
77 void spread(double amplitude, real dx);
78 //! Largest distance in number of gridpoints from 0
79 int numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_;
80 /*! \brief Avoid overflow for E2^offset and underflow for E3(i).
82 * Occurs when sigma is much smaller than numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_.
84 * E2^offset smaller than maximum float requires
85 * \f$exp(dx / (2*square(sigma))^numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_ \leq max_float \f$
86 * The maximum expected distance of the Gaussian center to the next lattice point is dx = 0.5,
87 * thus the maximum spread distance here is \f$4 * sigma^2 * \log(\mathrm{maxfloat})\f$ .
89 * E3(i) larger than minmium float requires
90 * exp(i^2 / 2*(sigma)^2) > min_float
91 * Thus the maximum spread distance here is \f$\sigma \sqrt(-2\log(\mathrm{minfloat}))\f$
93 int maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_;
94 //! Width of the Gaussian function
96 //! The result of the spreading calculation
97 std::vector<float> spreadingResult_;
98 //! Pre-calculated exp(-gridIndex^2/2 * (sigma^2)) named as in Greengard2004
99 std::vector<float> e3_;
100 /*! \brief Equal to std::floor(std::log(std::numeric_limits<float>::max())).
101 * Above expression is not constexpr and a const variable would implicitly delete default copy
102 * assignment. Therefore resorting to setting number manually.
104 static constexpr double c_logMaxFloat = 88.72284;
105 static constexpr double c_logMinFloat = -87.33654;
108 GaussianOn1DLattice::Impl::Impl(int numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth, real sigma) :
109 numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_(numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth),
111 spreadingResult_(2 * numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth + 1)
113 maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_ =
114 std::min(numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_,
115 static_cast<int>(std::floor(4 * square(sigma) * c_logMaxFloat)) - 1);
116 maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_ =
117 std::min(maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_,
118 static_cast<int>(std::floor(sigma * sqrt(-2.0 * c_logMinFloat))) - 1);
121 std::back_inserter(e3_), maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_ + 1, [sigma, latticeIndex = 0]() mutable {
122 return std::exp(-0.5 * square(latticeIndex++ / sigma));
125 std::fill(std::begin(spreadingResult_), std::end(spreadingResult_), 0.);
128 void GaussianOn1DLattice::Impl::spread(double amplitude, real dx)
130 /* The spreading routine implements the fast gaussian gridding as in
132 * Leslie Greengard and June-Yub Lee,
133 * "Accelerating the Nonuniform Fast Fourier Transform"
134 * SIAM REV 2004 Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 443-454 DOI. 10.1137/S003614450343200X
136 * Following the naming conventions for e1, e2 and e3, nu = 1, m = numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_.
138 * Speed up is achieved by factorization of the exponential that is evaluted
139 * at regular lattice points i, where the distance from the
140 * Gaussian center is \f$x-i\f$:
143 * a * \exp(-(x^2-2*i*x+ i^2)/(2*\sigma^2)) =
144 * a * \exp(-x^2/2*\sigma^2) * \exp(x/\sigma^2)^i * \exp(i/2*sigma^2) =
145 * e_1(x) * e_2(x)^i * e_3(i)
148 * Requiring only two exp evaluations per spreading operation.
151 const double e1 = amplitude * exp(-0.5 * dx * dx / square(sigma_)) / (sqrt(2 * M_PI) * sigma_);
152 spreadingResult_[numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_] = e1;
154 const double e2 = exp(dx / square(sigma_));
156 double e2pow = e2; //< powers of e2, e2^offset
158 // Move outwards from mid-point, using e2pow value for both points simultaneously
159 // o o o<----O---->o o o
160 for (int offset = 1; offset < maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_; offset++)
162 const double e1_3 = e1 * e3_[offset];
163 spreadingResult_[numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_ + offset] = e1_3 * e2pow;
164 spreadingResult_[numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_ - offset] = e1_3 / e2pow;
167 // separate statement for gridpoints at the end of the range avoids
168 // overflow for large sigma and saves one e2 multiplication operation
169 spreadingResult_[numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_ - maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_] =
170 (e1 / e2pow) * e3_[maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_];
171 spreadingResult_[numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_ + maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_] =
172 (e1 * e2pow) * e3_[maxEvaluatedSpreadDistance_];
175 /********************************************************************
176 * GaussianOn1DLattice
179 GaussianOn1DLattice::GaussianOn1DLattice(int numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_, real sigma) :
180 impl_(new Impl(numGridPointsForSpreadingHalfWidth_, sigma))
184 GaussianOn1DLattice::~GaussianOn1DLattice() {}
186 void GaussianOn1DLattice::spread(double amplitude, real dx)
188 impl_->spread(amplitude, dx);
191 ArrayRef<const float> GaussianOn1DLattice::view()
193 return impl_->spreadingResult_;
196 GaussianOn1DLattice::GaussianOn1DLattice(const GaussianOn1DLattice& other) :
197 impl_(new Impl(*other.impl_))
201 GaussianOn1DLattice& GaussianOn1DLattice::operator=(const GaussianOn1DLattice& other)
203 *impl_ = *other.impl_;
207 GaussianOn1DLattice::GaussianOn1DLattice(GaussianOn1DLattice&&) noexcept = default;
209 GaussianOn1DLattice& GaussianOn1DLattice::operator=(GaussianOn1DLattice&&) noexcept = default;
214 //! rounds real-valued coordinate to the closest integer values
215 IVec closestIntegerPoint(const RVec& coordinate)
217 return { roundToInt(coordinate[XX]), roundToInt(coordinate[YY]), roundToInt(coordinate[ZZ]) };
220 /*! \brief Substracts a range from a three-dimensional integer coordinate and ensures
221 * the resulting coordinate is within a lattice.
222 * \param[in] index point in lattice
223 * \param[in] range to be shifted
224 * \returns Shifted index or zero if shifted index is smaller than zero.
226 IVec rangeBeginWithinLattice(const IVec& index, const IVec& range)
228 return elementWiseMax({ 0, 0, 0 }, index - range);
231 /*! \brief Adds a range from a three-dimensional integer coordinate and ensures
232 * the resulting coordinate is within a lattice.
233 * \param[in] index point in lattice
234 * \param[in] extents extent of the lattice
235 * \param[in] range to be shifted
236 * \returns Shifted index or the lattice extent if shifted index is larger than the extent
238 IVec rangeEndWithinLattice(const IVec& index, const dynamicExtents3D& extents, const IVec& range)
240 IVec extentAsIvec(static_cast<int>(extents.extent(ZZ)),
241 static_cast<int>(extents.extent(YY)),
242 static_cast<int>(extents.extent(XX)));
243 return elementWiseMin(extentAsIvec, index + range);
249 /********************************************************************
250 * OuterProductEvaluator
253 mdspan<const float, dynamic_extent, dynamic_extent> OuterProductEvaluator::
254 operator()(ArrayRef<const float> x, ArrayRef<const float> y)
256 data_.resize(ssize(x), ssize(y));
257 for (gmx::index xIndex = 0; xIndex < ssize(x); ++xIndex)
259 const auto xValue = x[xIndex];
260 std::transform(std::begin(y), std::end(y), begin(data_.asView()[xIndex]), [xValue](float yValue) {
261 return xValue * yValue;
264 return data_.asConstView();
267 /********************************************************************
271 IntegerBox::IntegerBox(const IVec& begin, const IVec& end) : begin_{ begin }, end_{ end } {}
273 const IVec& IntegerBox::begin() const
277 const IVec& IntegerBox::end() const
282 bool IntegerBox::empty() const
284 return !((begin_[XX] < end_[XX]) && (begin_[YY] < end_[YY]) && (begin_[ZZ] < end_[ZZ]));
287 IntegerBox spreadRangeWithinLattice(const IVec& center, dynamicExtents3D extent, IVec range)
289 const IVec begin = rangeBeginWithinLattice(center, range);
290 const IVec end = rangeEndWithinLattice(center, extent, range);
291 return { begin, end };
293 /********************************************************************
294 * GaussianSpreadKernel
297 IVec GaussianSpreadKernelParameters::Shape::latticeSpreadRange() const
299 DVec range(std::ceil(sigma_[XX] * spreadWidthMultiplesOfSigma_),
300 std::ceil(sigma_[YY] * spreadWidthMultiplesOfSigma_),
301 std::ceil(sigma_[ZZ] * spreadWidthMultiplesOfSigma_));
302 return range.toIVec();
305 /********************************************************************
306 * GaussTransform3D::Impl
310 * Private implementation class for GaussTransform3D.
312 class GaussTransform3D::Impl
315 //! Construct from extent and spreading width and range
316 Impl(const dynamicExtents3D& extent, const GaussianSpreadKernelParameters::Shape& kernelShapeParameters);
319 Impl(const Impl& other) = default;
321 Impl& operator=(const Impl& other) = default;
322 //! Add another gaussian
323 void add(const GaussianSpreadKernelParameters::PositionAndAmplitude& localParamters);
324 //! The width of the Gaussian in lattice spacing units
325 BasicVector<double> sigma_;
326 //! The spread range in lattice points
328 //! The result of the Gauss transform
329 MultiDimArray<std::vector<float>, dynamicExtents3D> data_;
330 //! The outer product of a Gaussian along the z and y dimension
331 OuterProductEvaluator outerProductZY_;
332 //! The three one-dimensional Gaussians, whose outer product is added to the Gauss transform
333 std::array<GaussianOn1DLattice, DIM> gauss1d_;
336 GaussTransform3D::Impl::Impl(const dynamicExtents3D& extent,
337 const GaussianSpreadKernelParameters::Shape& kernelShapeParameters) :
338 sigma_{ kernelShapeParameters.sigma_ },
339 spreadRange_{ kernelShapeParameters.latticeSpreadRange() },
341 gauss1d_({ GaussianOn1DLattice(spreadRange_[XX], sigma_[XX]),
342 GaussianOn1DLattice(spreadRange_[YY], sigma_[YY]),
343 GaussianOn1DLattice(spreadRange_[ZZ], sigma_[ZZ]) })
347 void GaussTransform3D::Impl::add(const GaussianSpreadKernelParameters::PositionAndAmplitude& localParameters)
349 const IVec closestLatticePoint = closestIntegerPoint(localParameters.coordinate_);
350 const auto spreadRange =
351 spreadRangeWithinLattice(closestLatticePoint, data_.asView().extents(), spreadRange_);
353 // do nothing if the added Gaussian will never reach the lattice
354 if (spreadRange.empty())
359 for (int dimension = XX; dimension <= ZZ; ++dimension)
361 // multiply with amplitude so that Gauss3D = (amplitude * Gauss_x) * Gauss_y * Gauss_z
362 const float gauss1DAmplitude = dimension > XX ? 1.0 : localParameters.amplitude_;
363 gauss1d_[dimension].spread(
364 gauss1DAmplitude, localParameters.coordinate_[dimension] - closestLatticePoint[dimension]);
367 const auto spreadZY = outerProductZY_(gauss1d_[ZZ].view(), gauss1d_[YY].view());
368 const auto spreadX = gauss1d_[XX].view();
369 const IVec spreadGridOffset = spreadRange_ - closestLatticePoint;
371 // \todo optimize these loops if performance critical
372 // The looping strategy uses that the last, x-dimension is contiguous in the memory layout
373 for (int zLatticeIndex = spreadRange.begin()[ZZ]; zLatticeIndex < spreadRange.end()[ZZ]; ++zLatticeIndex)
375 const auto zSlice = data_.asView()[zLatticeIndex];
377 for (int yLatticeIndex = spreadRange.begin()[YY]; yLatticeIndex < spreadRange.end()[YY]; ++yLatticeIndex)
379 const auto ySlice = zSlice[yLatticeIndex];
380 const float zyPrefactor = spreadZY(zLatticeIndex + spreadGridOffset[ZZ],
381 yLatticeIndex + spreadGridOffset[YY]);
383 for (int xLatticeIndex = spreadRange.begin()[XX]; xLatticeIndex < spreadRange.end()[XX];
386 const float xPrefactor = spreadX[xLatticeIndex + spreadGridOffset[XX]];
387 ySlice[xLatticeIndex] += zyPrefactor * xPrefactor;
393 /********************************************************************
397 GaussTransform3D::GaussTransform3D(const dynamicExtents3D& extent,
398 const GaussianSpreadKernelParameters::Shape& kernelShapeParameters) :
399 impl_(new Impl(extent, kernelShapeParameters))
403 void GaussTransform3D::add(const GaussianSpreadKernelParameters::PositionAndAmplitude& localParameters)
405 impl_->add(localParameters);
408 void GaussTransform3D::setZero()
410 std::fill(begin(impl_->data_), end(impl_->data_), 0.);
413 basic_mdspan<float, dynamicExtents3D> GaussTransform3D::view()
415 return impl_->data_.asView();
418 basic_mdspan<const float, dynamicExtents3D> GaussTransform3D::constView() const
420 return impl_->data_.asConstView();
423 GaussTransform3D::~GaussTransform3D() {}
425 GaussTransform3D::GaussTransform3D(const GaussTransform3D& other) : impl_(new Impl(*other.impl_)) {}
427 GaussTransform3D& GaussTransform3D::operator=(const GaussTransform3D& other)
429 *impl_ = *other.impl_;
433 GaussTransform3D::GaussTransform3D(GaussTransform3D&&) noexcept = default;
435 GaussTransform3D& GaussTransform3D::operator=(GaussTransform3D&&) noexcept = default;