can be performed using |Gromacs|, by diagonalization of the
mass-weighted Hessian :math:`H`:
-.. math::
-
- \begin{aligned}
- R^T M^{-1/2} H M^{-1/2} R &=& \mbox{diag}(\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_{3N})
- \\
- \lambda_i &=& (2 \pi \omega_i)^2\end{aligned}
+.. math:: \begin{aligned}
+ R^T M^{-1/2} H M^{-1/2} R &=& \mbox{diag}(\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_{3N})
+ \\
+ \lambda_i &=& (2 \pi \omega_i)^2\end{aligned}
+ :label: eqnNMA
where :math:`M` contains the atomic masses, :math:`R` is a matrix that
contains the eigenvectors as columns, :math:`\lambda_i` are the
First the Hessian matrix, which is a :math:`3N \times 3N` matrix where
:math:`N` is the number of atoms, needs to be calculated:
-.. math::
-
- \begin{aligned}
- H_{ij} &=& \frac{\partial^2 V}{\partial x_i \partial x_j}\end{aligned}
+.. math:: \begin{aligned}
+ H_{ij} &=& \frac{\partial^2 V}{\partial x_i \partial x_j}\end{aligned}
+ :label: eqnNMAhessian
where :math:`x_i` and :math:`x_j` denote the atomic x, y or z
coordinates. In practice, this equation is not used, but the Hessian is
calculated numerically from the force as:
-.. math::
-
- \begin{aligned}
- H_{ij} &=& -
- \frac{f_i({\bf x}+h{\bf e}_j) - f_i({\bf x}-h{\bf e}_j)}{2h}
- \\
- f_i &=& - \frac{\partial V}{\partial x_i}\end{aligned}
+.. math:: \begin{aligned}
+ H_{ij} &=& -
+ \frac{f_i({\bf x}+h{\bf e}_j) - f_i({\bf x}-h{\bf e}_j)}{2h}
+ \\
+ f_i &=& - \frac{\partial V}{\partial x_i}\end{aligned}
+ :label: eqnNMAhessianfromforce
where :math:`{\bf e}_j` is the unit vector in direction :math:`j`. It
should be noted that for a usual normal-mode calculation, it is